It does not take an EE to know that it takes Current, in the form of amps, with a modicum of voltage, usually above 9.6 volts in a 12 volt system, to do the work to turn a starter motor. Which is why we have carbon pile load testers to 500 amps to load test worn batteries. Standard is 30 seconds, not to have voltage drop below 9.6 volts.
That the front battery can have a lower voltage and still be deemed charged at 10.6 volts versus the rear battery being charged at 11.6 volts, what does that tell you about where the amps that will turn the starter are coming from?
That the ignition is turned on and measures the voltage of the front battery and rear battery.
But your last paragraph says it all... the relay is in the same position whether both batteries are charged, or the REAR battery is discharged and the FRONT battery is charged. Well Standard Operating Procedure dictates with that sentence that the front battery is the starting battery, but if the front battery is dead, then, and only then, does the relay switch to the rear battery to start, based on relay positions.
Sort it out amongst yourselves... VW put batteries under the rear seat on their rear engine driven air cooled motors, and put batteries up front when they went to transverse motor front wheel drive water cooled engines. Vw pretty much always has mounted the battery very close to the engine to keep the thick heavy copper wire positive lead wire from the battery to the starter as short as possible, to minimize amperage and voltage losses. Basic car engineering. To this day, with the Touareg T3, the starting battery, and now there is only one, still sits under the drivers seat. VW got rid of all the fancy electronics and gizmo's on the T3 as a cost cutting measure, and in the process, got rid of the second battery in the trunk too.
It's absolutely terrible electrical design to ever hook two 12 volt batteries in parallel of unequal CCA or ampere hour ratings, that is a serious design flaw.
Ford doesn't do it on their diesels, they run 2 batteries, same size Chevy doesn't again 2 bats, same size , GMC doesn't, and the Dodge Cummin I6 is the only model diesel that will start on 1 battery, it's a huge battery, and it's the smallest in displacement, engine wise, of the bunch.
Consumer electrical, in the grand scheme of things, draws nothing in terms of amps compared to the starter motor. The problem lies in that the starter motor draws so much current that the voltage would drop to the point of trying to start that the consumer electrical voltage level gets too low to function properly, including the ECM the controls the electrical solenoid on the injectors on a PD. So the ECU doesn't see the crank sensor readings due to low voltage to know which injector to fire an electronic pulse to to trigger the injector.
I look at the schematic on page 24, and the starter battery A1 is located, in the schematic, closest to both the alternator, and the starter. Make of it what you will... I don't think schematics or batteries with the most amp hours lie about heavy consumers like 10 glow plugs and a starter motor all drawing at close to the same time on the bigger more amp hour of the two batteries in the vehicle. Sorry, that's how I see the logic.