Extracted the regulator and filter flanges today, to get to the bottom of my pressure drop after shut down, resulting in hard crank of 8-10 seconds or longer.
I first opened the tank covers and tested each pump separately by using a pressure gauge and shorting the relay.
Pressure was initially zero and took long to build, the left pump gave about 2.5 bar, the right one 3.8 bar. Both should be around 4 bar, as per repair manual.
However, I heard a gurgling from the tank, sounded like a running tap.
As heard near the right flange
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This is how the pressure from the transfer pump (left side) behaved when just shorted via the relay:
This is the low pressure pump that transfers fuel to the right half of the tank
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And in comparison the right hand side supply pump:
This is the high pressure pump
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Note that both pumps feed into the filter, from where it goes on to the right flange and via the pressure regulator to the engine. Since there are no valves or anything between the pumps and the fuel rail, the distinction between transfer and supply pump is academic, both should contribute to the fuel pressure delivered to the rail. I do not know why the one has so much less pressure than the other, but will test the throughput later as well, just so I can be sure both pumps are still sound and within their operating parameters. By the way I was surprised to see the great condition the plastic parts and hoses are still in after they were for 15 years immersed in petrol.
Turned out the o-ring of the filter housing was leaking fuel from the filter back into the tank, because it must have been incorrectly installed and finally gave up.
Blowing air into the supply line shows the leak
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To find the broken seal ring
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Not having a new o-ring handy, I tried to use plumbing tape but couldn't get it 100% tight. It was pretty tight though, dropping the pressure now over several minutes rather than seconds as before.
Got a new seal for a few dollars the next day, the o-ring is tricky to install because the VW engineers didn't provide a groove, so it tends to slip down into the bottom half of the housing and will easily rip or kink. I got it installed on the sixth attempt with the help of some lubricant. Pressure test successful so far.